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The Bill of Rights
The first ten Amendments to the Constitution collectively are commonly known as the Bill of Rights.
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Congress
of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on
Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty
nine.
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the
time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order
to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further
declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending
the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the
beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress
assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following
Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as
amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of
which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said
Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the
said Constitution; viz.
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment
of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by
Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States,
pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
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Amendment I - Freedom of Religion, Press, Expression. Ratified 12/15/1791.
Congress
shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
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Amendment II - Right to bear arms. Ratified 12/15/1791.
A
well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.
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Amendment III - Quartering of soldiers. Ratified 12/15/1791.
No
Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the
consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
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Amendment IV - Search and seizure. Ratified 12/15/1791.
The
right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
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Amendment V - Trial and Punishment, Compensation for Takings. Ratified 12/15/1791.
No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation.
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Amendment VI - Right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses. Ratified 12/15/1791.
In
all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature
and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
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Amendment VII - Trial by jury in civil cases. Ratified 12/15/1791.
In
Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the
United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
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Amendment VIII - Cruel and Unusual punishment. Ratified 12/15/1791.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
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Amendment IX - Construction of Constitution. Ratified 12/15/1791.
The
enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
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Amendment X - Powers of the States and People. Ratified 12/15/1791.
The
powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.
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